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Table games using cues and billiard balls
"Billiards" redirects here.
This article covers the word as an umbrella term for cue sports🌞 in general.
For specific games known as "billiards" and all other uses of the term, see Billiard (disambiguation)
Cue sports are a🌞 wide variety of games of skill played with a cue, which is used to strike billiard balls and thereby cause🌞 them to move around a cloth-covered table bounded by elastic bumpers known as cushions .
Interior view of billiard hall, Toledo,🌞 Ohio
There are three major subdivisions of games within cue sports:
Billiards has a long history from its inception in the 15th🌞 century, with many mentions in the works of Shakespeare, including the line "let's to billiards" in Antony and Cleopatra (1606–07),🌞 and enthusiasts of the sport include Mozart, Louis XIV of France, Marie Antoinette, Immanuel Kant, Napoleon, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain,🌞 George Washington, French president Jules Grévy, Charles Dickens, George Armstrong Custer, Theodore Roosevelt, Lewis Carroll, W.C.
Fields, Babe Ruth, Bob Hope,🌞 and Jackie Gleason.
History [ edit ]
Billiards in the 1620s was played with a port, a king pin, pockets, and maces.
All🌞 cue sports are generally regarded to have evolved into indoor games from outdoor stick-and-ball lawn games,[1] specifically those retroactively termed🌞 ground billiards,[2] and as such to be related to the historical games jeu de mail and palle-malle, and modern trucco,🌞 croquet, and golf, and more distantly to the stickless bocce and bowls.
The word billiard may have evolved from the French🌞 word billart or billette, meaning 'stick', in reference to the mace , an implement similar to a golf putter, and🌞 which was the forerunner to the modern cue; however, the term's origin could have been from French bille, meaning 'ball'.
[3]🌞 The modern term cue sports can be used to encompass the ancestral mace games, and even the modern cueless variants,🌞 such as finger billiards, for historical reasons.
Cue itself came from queue, the French word for 'tail'.
This refers to the early🌞 practice of using the tail or butt of the mace, instead of its club foot, to strike the ball when🌞 it lay against a rail cushion .[3]
The sons of Louis, Grand Dauphin, playing the 'royal game of fortifications', an early🌞 form of obstacle billiards with similarities to modern miniature golf
A recognizable form of billiards was played outdoors in the 1340s,🌞 and was reminiscent of croquet.
King Louis XI of France (1461–1483) had the first known indoor billiard table.
[3] Louis XIV further🌞 refined and popularized the game, and it swiftly spread among the French nobility.
[3] While the game had long been played🌞 on the ground, this version appears to have died out (aside from trucco) in the 17th century, in favor of🌞 croquet, golf and bowling games, even as table billiards had grown in popularity as an indoor activity.
[3] The imprisoned Mary,🌞 Queen of Scots, complained when her table de billiard was taken away (by those who eventually became her executioners, who🌞 were to cover her body with the table's cloth).
[3] Billiards grew to the extent that by 1727, it was being🌞 played in almost every Paris café.
[3] In England, the game was developing into a very popular activity for members of🌞 the gentry.[3]
By 1670, the thin butt end of the mace began to be used not only for shots under the🌞 cushion (which itself was originally only there as a preventative method to stop balls from rolling off), but players increasingly🌞 preferred it for other shots as well.
The footless, straight cue as it is known today was finally developed by about🌞 1800.[3]
Initially, the mace was used to push the balls, rather than strike them.
The newly developed striking cue provided a new🌞 challenge.
Cushions began to be stuffed with substances to allow the balls to rebound, in order to enhance the appeal of🌞 the game.
After a transitional period where only the better players would use cues, the cue came to be the first🌞 choice of equipment.[3]
The demand for tables and other equipment was initially met in Europe by John Thurston and other furniture🌞 makers of the era.
The early balls were made from wood and clay, but the rich preferred to use ivory.[3]
Early billiard🌞 games involved various pieces of additional equipment, including the "arch" (related to the croquet hoop), "port" (a different hoop, often🌞 rectangular), and "king" (a pin or skittle near the arch) in the early 17th to late 18th century,[4][3] but other🌞 game variants, relying on the cushions (and pockets cut into them), were being formed that would go on to play🌞 fundamental roles in the development of modern billiards.[3]
Illustration of a three-ball pocket billiards game in early 19th century Tübingen, Germany,🌞 using a table much longer than the modern type
The early croquet-like games eventually led to the development of the carom🌞 billiards category.
These games are games played with three or sometimes four balls, on a table without holes in which the🌞 goal is generally to strike one object ball with a cue ball , then have the cue ball rebound off🌞 of one or more of the cushions and strike a second object ball.
Variations include straight rail, balkline, one-cushion, three-cushion, five-pins,🌞 and four-ball, among others.
One type of obstacle remained a feature of many tables, originally as a hazard and later as🌞 a target, in the form of pockets, or holes partly cut into the table bed and partly into the cushions,🌞 leading to the rise of pocket billiards, including "pool" games such as eight-ball, nine-ball, straight pool, and one-pocket; Russian pyramid;🌞 snooker; English billiards; and others.
In the United States, pool and billiards had died out for a bit, but between 1878🌞 and 1956 the games became very popular.
Players in annual championships began to receive their own cigarette cards.
This was mainly due🌞 to the fact that it was a popular pastime for troops to take their minds off from battle.
However, by the🌞 end of World War II, pool and billiards began to die down once again.
It was not until 1961 when the🌞 film The Hustler came out that sparked a new interest in the game.
Now the game is generally a well-known game🌞 and has many players of all different skill levels.
[5]As a sport [ edit ]
The games with regulated international professional competition,🌞 if not others, have been referred to as "sports" or "sporting" events, not simply "games", since 1893 at the latest.
[6]🌞 Quite a variety of particular games (i.e.
, sets of rules and equipment) are the subject of present-day competition, including many🌞 of those already mentioned, with competition being especially broad in nine-ball, snooker, three-cushion, and eight-ball.
Snooker, though a pocket billiards variant🌞 and closely related in its equipment and origin to the game of English billiards, is a professional sport organized at🌞 an international level, and its rules bear little resemblance to those of modern pool, pyramid, and other such games.
A "Billiards"🌞 category encompassing pool, snooker, and carom has been part of the World Games since 2001.
Equipment [ edit ]
Billiard balls [🌞 edit ]
Cue balls from left to right: Russian pool and kaisa-68 mm ( 2 + 11 ⁄ 16 in)in) Carom-61.
5🌞 mm ( 2 + 7 ⁄ 16 in)
in) American-style pool-57.
15 mm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 in)in) Snooker-52.
5 mm🌞 ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 16 in)
in) Blackball pool-51 mm (2 in)
Billiard balls vary from game to game, in size,🌞 design and quantity.
Russian pyramid and kaisa have a size of 68 mm ( 2+11⁄16 in).
In Russian pyramid there are 16🌞 balls, as in pool, but 15 are white and numbered, and the cue ball is usually red.
[7] In kaisa, five🌞 balls are used: the yellow object ball (called the kaisa in Finnish), two red object balls, and the two white🌞 cue balls (usually differentiated by one cue ball having a dot or other marking on it and each of which🌞 serves as an object ball for the opponent).
Carom billiards balls are larger than pool balls, having a diameter of 61.
5🌞 mm ( 2+7⁄16 in), and come as a set of two cue balls (one colored or marked) and an object🌞 ball (or two object balls in the case of the game four-ball).
Standard pool balls are 57.
15 mm ( 2+1⁄4 in),🌞 are used in many pool games found throughout the world, come in sets of two suits of object balls, seven🌞 solids and seven stripes , an 8 ball and a cue ball ; the balls are racked differently for different🌞 games (some of which do not use the entire ball set).
Blackball (English-style eight-ball) sets are similar, but have unmarked groups🌞 of red and yellow balls instead of solids and stripes, known as "casino" style.
They are used principally in Britain, Ireland,🌞 and some Commonwealth countries, though not exclusively, since they are unsuited for playing nine-ball.
The diameter varies but is typically slightly🌞 smaller than that of standard solids-and-stripes sets.
Snooker balls are smaller than American-style pool balls with a diameter of 52.
5 mm🌞 ( 2+1⁄16 in), and come in sets of 22 (15 reds, 6 " colours ", and a cue ball).
English billiard🌞 balls are the same size as snooker balls and come in sets of three balls (two cue balls and a🌞 red object ball).
Other games, such as bumper pool, have custom ball sets.
Billiard balls have been made from many different materials🌞 since the start of the game, including clay, bakelite, celluloid, crystallite, ivory, plastic, steel and wood.
The dominant material from 1627🌞 until the early 20th century was ivory.
The search for a substitute for ivory use was not for environmental concerns, but🌞 based on economic motivation and fear of danger for elephant hunters.
It was in part spurred on by a New York🌞 billiard table manufacturer who announced a prize of $10,000 for a substitute material.
The first viable substitute was celluloid, invented by🌞 John Wesley Hyatt in 1868, but the material was volatile, sometimes exploding during manufacture, and was highly flammable.
[8][9]Tables [ edit🌞 ]
Pool table with equipment
There are many sizes and styles of billiard tables.
Generally, tables are rectangles twice as long as they🌞 are wide.
Table sizes are typically referred to by the nominal length of their longer dimension.
Full-size snooker tables are 12 feet🌞 (3.7 m) long.
Carom billiards tables are typically 10 feet (3.0 m).
Regulation pool tables are 9-foot (2.
7 m), though pubs and🌞 other establishments catering to casual play will typically use 7-foot (2.
1 m) tables which are often coin-operated, nicknamed bar boxes🌞 .
Formerly, ten-foot pool tables were common, but such tables are now considered antiques.
High-quality tables have a bed made of thick🌞 slate, in three pieces to prevent warping and changes due to temperature and humidity.
The slates on modern carom tables are🌞 usually heated to stave off moisture and provide a consistent playing surface.
Smaller bar tables are most commonly made with a🌞 single piece of slate.
Pocket billiards tables of all types normally have six pockets, three on each side (four corner pockets,🌞 and two side or middle pockets).
Cloth [ edit ]
Women playing on an elaborately decorated green-covered table in an early 1880s🌞 advertising poster
All types of tables are covered with billiard cloth (often called "felt", but actually a woven wool or wool/nylon🌞 blend called baize).
Cloth has been used to cover billiards tables since the 15th century.
Bar or tavern tables, which get a🌞 lot of play, use "slower", more durable cloth.
The cloth used in upscale pool (and snooker) halls and home billiard rooms🌞 is "faster" (i.e.
, provides less friction, allowing the balls to roll farther across the table bed ), and competition-quality pool🌞 cloth is made from 100% worsted wool.
Snooker cloth traditionally has a nap (consistent fiber directionality) and balls behave differently when🌞 rolling against versus along with the nap.
The cloth of the billiard table has traditionally been green, reflecting its origin (originally🌞 the grass of ancestral lawn games), and has been so colored since at least the 16th century, but it is🌞 also produced in other colors such as red and blue.
[10] Television broadcasting of pool as well as 3 Cushion billiards🌞 prefers a blue colored cloth which was chosen for better visibility and contrast against colored balls.
Rack [ edit ]
Aluminium billiard🌞 rack that is used for 8-ball, 9-ball, and straight pool
A rack is the name given to a frame (usually wood,🌞 plastic or aluminium) used to organize billiard balls at the beginning of a game.
This is traditionally triangular in shape, but🌞 varies with the type of billiards played.
There are two main types of racks; the more common triangular shape which is🌞 used for eight-ball and straight pool and the diamond-shaped rack used for nine-ball.
There are several other types of less common🌞 rack types that are also used, based on a "template" to hold the billiard balls tightly together.
Most commonly it is🌞 a thin plastic sheet with diamond-shaped cut-outs that hold the balls that is placed on the table with the balls🌞 set on top of the rack.
The rack is used to set up the "break" and removed once the break has🌞 been completed and no balls are obstructing the template.
Cues [ edit ]
Billiards games are mostly played with a stick known🌞 as a cue.
A cue is usually either a one-piece tapered stick or a two-piece stick divided in the middle by🌞 a joint of metal or phenolic resin.
High-quality cues are generally two pieces and are made of a hardwood, generally maple🌞 for billiards and ash for snooker.
The butt end of the cue is of larger circumference and is intended to be🌞 gripped by a player's hand.
The shaft of the cue is of smaller circumference, usually tapering to an 0.4 to 0.
55🌞 inches (10 to 14 mm) terminus called a ferrule (usually made of fiberglass or brass in better cues), where a🌞 rounded leather tip is affixed, flush with the ferrule, to make final contact with balls.
The tip, in conjunction with chalk,🌞 can be used to impart spin to the cue ball when it is not hit in its center.
Cheap cues are🌞 generally made of pine, low-grade maple (and formerly often of ramin, which is now endangered), or other low-quality wood, with🌞 inferior plastic ferrules.
A quality cue can be expensive and may be made of exotic woods and other expensive materials which🌞 are artfully inlaid in decorative patterns.
Many modern cues are also made, like golf clubs, with high-tech materials such as woven🌞 graphite.
Recently, carbon fiber woven composites have been developed and utilized by top professional players and amateurs.
Advantages include less flexibility and🌞 no worry of nicks, scratches, or damages to the cue.
Skilled players may use more than one cue during a game,🌞 including a separate cue with a hard phenolic resin tip for the opening break shot, and another, shorter cue with🌞 a special tip for jump shots .
Mechanical bridge [ edit ]
The mechanical bridge, sometimes called a "rake", "crutch", "bridge stick"🌞 or simply "bridge", and in the UK a "rest", is used to extend a player's reach on a shot where🌞 the cue ball is too far away for normal hand bridging.
It consists of a stick with a grooved metal or🌞 plastic head which the cue slides on.
Some players, especially current or former snooker players, use a screw-on cue butt extension🌞 instead of or in addition to the mechanical bridge.
Bridge head design is varied, and not all designs (especially those with🌞 cue shaft-enclosing rings, or wheels on the bottom of the head), are broadly tournament-approved.
In Italy, a longer, thicker cue is🌞 typically available for this kind of tricky shot.
For snooker, bridges are normally available in three forms, their use depending on🌞 how the player is hampered; the standard rest is a simple cross, the 'spider' has a raised arch around 12🌞 cm with three grooves to rest the cue in and for the most awkward of shots, the 'giraffe' (or 'swan'🌞 in England) which has a raised arch much like the 'spider' but with a slender arm reaching out around 15🌞 cm with the groove.
Chalk [ edit ]
Billiard chalk is applied to the tip of the cue.
Chalk is applied to the🌞 tip of the cue stick, ideally before every shot, to increase the tip's friction coefficient so that when it impacts🌞 the cue ball on a non-center hit, no miscue (unintentional slippage between the cue tip and the struck ball) occurs.
Chalk🌞 is an important element to make good shots in pool or snooker.
Cue tip chalk is not actually the substance typically🌞 referred to as "chalk" (generally calcium carbonate), but any of several proprietary compounds, with a silicate base.
It was around the🌞 time of the Industrial Revolution that newer compounds formed that provided better grip for the ball.
This is when the English🌞 began to experiment with side spin or applying curl to the ball.
This was shortly introduced to the American players and🌞 is how the term "putting English on the ball" came to be.
"Chalk" may also refer to a cone of fine,🌞 white hand chalk ; like talc (talcum powder) it can be used to reduce friction between the cue and bridge🌞 hand during shooting, for a smoother stroke.
Some brands of hand chalk are made of compressed talc.
(Tip chalk is not used🌞 for this purpose because it is abrasive, hand-staining and difficult to apply.
) Many players prefer a slick pool glove over🌞 hand chalk or talc because of the messiness of these powders; buildup of particles on the cloth will affect ball🌞 behavior and necessitate more-frequent cloth cleaning.
Cue tip chalk (invented in its modern form by straight rail billiard pro William A.
Spinks🌞 and chemist William Hoskins in 1897)[11][12] is made by crushing silica and the abrasive substance corundum or aloxite[12] (aluminium oxide),[13][14]🌞 into a powder.
[12] It is combined with dye (originally and most commonly green or blue-green, like traditional billiard cloth, but🌞 available today, like the cloth, in many colours) and a binder (glue).
[12] Each manufacturer's brand has different qualities, which can🌞 significantly affect play.
High humidity can also impair the effectiveness of chalk.
Harder, drier compounds are generally considered superior by most players.
Major🌞 games [ edit ]
There are two main varieties of billiard games: carom and pocket.
The main carom billiards games are straight🌞 rail, balkline and three cushion billiards.
All are played on a pocketless table with three balls; two cue balls and one🌞 object ball.
In all, players shoot a cue ball so that it makes contact with the opponent's cue ball as well🌞 as the object ball.
Others of multinational interest are four-ball and five-pins.
The most globally popular of the large variety of pocket🌞 games are pool and snooker.
A third, English billiards, has some features of carom billiards.
English billiards used to be one of🌞 the two most-competitive cue sports along with the carom game balkline, at the turn of the 20th century and is🌞 still enjoyed today in Commonwealth countries.
Another pocket game, Russian pyramid and its variants like kaisa are popular in the former🌞 Eastern bloc.
Games played on a carom billiards table [ edit ]
Straight rail [ edit ]
In straight rail, a player scores🌞 a point and may continue shooting each time his cue ball makes contact with both other balls.
Some of the best🌞 players of straight billiards developed the skill to gather the balls in a corner or along the same rail for🌞 the purpose of playing a series of nurse shots to score a seemingly limitless number of points.
The first straight rail🌞 professional tournament was held in 1879 where Jacob Schaefer Sr.
scored 690 points in a single turn[10][page needed] (that is, 690🌞 separate strokes without a miss).
With the balls repetitively hit and barely moving in endless "nursing", there was little for the🌞 fans to watch.
Balkline [ edit ]
In light of these skill developments in straight rail, the game of balkline soon developed🌞 to make it impossible for a player to keep the balls gathered in one part of the table for long,🌞 greatly limiting the effectiveness of nurse shots.
A balkline is a line parallel to one end of a billiards table.
In the🌞 game of balkline, the players have to drive at least one object ball past a balkline parallel to each rail🌞 after a specified number of points have been scored.
Cushion billiards [ edit ]
Another solution was to require a player's cue🌞 ball to make contact with the rail cushions in the process of contacting the other balls.
This in turn saw the🌞 three-cushion version emerge, where the cue ball must make three separate cushion contacts during a shot.
This is difficult enough that🌞 even the best players can only manage to average one to two points per turn.
This is sometimes described as "hardest🌞 to learn" and "require most skill" of all billiards.
Man playing billiards with a cue and a woman with mace, from🌞 an illustration appearing in Michael Phelan's 1859 book, The Game of Billiards
Games played on a pool table [ edit ]
There🌞 are many variations of games played on a standard pool table.
Popular pool games include eight-ball, nine-ball, straight pool and one-pocket.
Even🌞 within games types (e.g.
eight-ball), there may be variations, and people may play recreationally using relaxed or local rules.
A few of🌞 the more popular examples of pool games are given below.
In eight-ball and nine-ball, the object is to sink object balls🌞 until one can legally pocket the winning eponymous " money ball ".
Well-known but waning in popularity is straight pool, in🌞 which players seek to continue sinking balls, rack after rack if they can, to reach a pre-determined winning score (typically🌞 150).
Related to nine-ball, another well-known game is rotation, where the lowest-numbered object ball on the table must be struck first,🌞 although any object ball may be pocketed (i.e.
, combination shot).
Each pocketed ball is worth its number, and the player with🌞 the highest score at the end of the rack is the winner.
Since there are only 120 points available (1 +🌞 2 + 3 ⋯ + 15 = 120), scoring 61 points leaves no opportunity for the opponent to catch up.
In🌞 both one-pocket and bank pool, the players must sink a set number of balls; respectively, all in a particular pocket🌞 , or all by bank shots .
In snooker, players score points by alternately potting red balls and various special "🌞 colour balls ".
Two-player or -team games [ edit ]
Eight-ball: The goal is to pocket ( pot ) all of one's🌞 designated group of balls (either stripes vs.
solids , or reds vs.
yellows , depending upon the equipment), and then pocket the🌞 8 ball in a called pocket.
( ) all of one's designated of balls (either vs., or vs.
, depending upon the🌞 equipment), and then pocket the in a pocket.
Nine-ball: The goal is to pocket the 9 ball; the initial contact of🌞 the cue ball each turn must be with the lowest-numbered object ball remaining on the table; there are numerous variants🌞 such as seven-ball, six-ball, and the older forms of three-ball and ten-ball, that simply use a different number of balls🌞 and have a different money ball .
each turn must be with the lowest-numbered remaining on the table; there are numerous🌞 variants such as seven-ball, six-ball, and the older forms of three-ball and ten-ball, that simply use a different number of🌞 balls and have a different .Straight pool (a.k.a.14.
1 continuous pool): The goal is to reach a predetermined number of points🌞 (e.g.
100); a point is earned by pocketing any called ball into a designated pocket; game play is by racks of🌞 15 balls, and the last object ball of a rack is not pocketed, but left on the table with the🌞 opponent re-racking the remaining 14 before game play continues.(e.g.
100); a point is earned by pocketing any called ball into a🌞 designated pocket; game play is by of 15 balls, and the last object ball of a rack is not pocketed,🌞 but left on the table with the opponent re-racking the remaining 14 before game play continues.
Bank pool: The goal is🌞 to reach a predetermined number of points; a point is earned by pocketing any called ball by banking it into🌞 a designated pocket using one or more cushion .
Speed pool [ edit ]
Speed pool is a standard billiards game where🌞 the balls must be pocketed in as little time as possible.
Rules vary greatly from tournament to tournament.
The International Speed Pool🌞 Challenge has been held annually since 2006.
Games played on a snooker table [ edit ]
English billiards [ edit ]
Dating to🌞 approximately 1800, English billiards, called simply billiards[15] in many former British colonies and in the UK where it originated, was🌞 originally called the winning and losing carambole game, folding in the names of three predecessor games, the winning game, the🌞 losing game and the carambole game (an early form of straight rail), that combined to form it.
[16] The game features🌞 both cannons (caroms) and the pocketing of balls as objects of play.
English billiards requires two cue balls and a red🌞 object ball .
The object of the game is to score either a fixed number of points, or score the most🌞 points within a set time frame, determined at the start of the game.
Points are awarded for:
Two-ball cannons: striking both the🌞 object ball and the other (opponent's) cue ball on the same shot (2 points).
Winning hazards: potting the red ball (3🌞 points); potting the other cue ball (2 points).
the red ball (3 points); potting the other cue ball (2 points).
Losing hazards🌞 (or "in-offs"): potting one's cue ball by cannoning off another ball (3 points if the red ball was hit first;🌞 2 points if the other cue ball was hit first, or if the red and other cue ball were "🌞 split ", i.e.
, hit simultaneously).
Snooker [ edit ]
Snooker is a pocket billiards game originated by British officers stationed in India🌞 during the 19th century, based on earlier pool games such as black pool and life pool.
The name of the game🌞 became generalized to also describe one of its prime strategies: to " snooker " the opposing player by causing that🌞 player to foul or leave an opening to be exploited.
In the United Kingdom, snooker is by far the most popular🌞 cue sport at the competitive level, and major national pastime along with association football and cricket.
It is played in many🌞 Commonwealth countries as well, and in areas of Asia, becoming increasingly popular in China in particular.
Snooker is uncommon in North🌞 America, where pool games such as eight-ball and nine-ball dominate, and Latin America and Continental Europe, where carom games dominate.
The🌞 first World Snooker Championship was held in 1927, and it has been held annually since then with few exceptions.
The World🌞 Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) was established in 1968 to regulate the professional game, while the International Billiards and🌞 Snooker Federation (IBSF) regulates the amateur games.
List of cue sports and games [ edit ]
Carom games [ edit ]
Pocket games🌞 [ edit ]Pool games [ edit ]
Non-pool pocket games [ edit ]
Snooker games [ edit ]
Games with pockets and caroms🌞 [ edit ]
Obstacle and target games [ edit ]Disk games [ edit ]
Cueless games [ edit ]See also [ edit🌞 ]References [ edit ]Citations [ edit ]Sources [ edit ]
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